Current Issue : April - June Volume : 2021 Issue Number : 2 Articles : 5 Articles
Despite the fundamental influence and multidimensional impact of the phenomenon of humanization on international law, the concept of humanization of international law has not been subject to quantity-wise extended analysis by legal scholars and commentators. As much as T. Meron’s findings addressing the humanization of international law explicite have inspired a broad scholarly discourse in the literature, research focused on the impact of humanization on particular branches of international law remains overwhelmingly in minority. International economic law, also called economic legal order, is one of the branches which hold the status of the system of the law - international law. Although categories such as “law”, “legal order” or “system of the law” do not have an equal scope of reference, linguistic distinctions between them do not have major significance in this study. However, in their assumptions devoted to the system of international law as such and international (including EU) economic law as the former’s component, they outline the background of reflections. The discussed humanization of international law, in general terms, revealing the impact of human rights on international law and thus outlining the area of research and bringing its scope onto international ground, is a specific binding link between these analyses. The essence of humanization of international law per se is a substantive justification of leaving out the subject-matter of internal law in this study. Referring to the above, the adopted research methodology, proceeding from the general to the detail, with a particular emphasis on the case study (international (including EU) economic law), leads one to assume that the main aim of this study is to demonstrate the influence (impact) of humanization of international law on the international economic order. The culmination of the research involves the formulation of the research hypothesis according to which, humanization in the context of international economic law should be examined in two dimensions, as humanization of law and humanization in the law. The introduction of these categories is a novum in the current research, addressing this subject-matter, and the verification of the hypothesis outlines the scope of observations carried out on the basis of the analytical method and the method of interpretation of the applicable law....
Trade openness has a great impact on a country’s ecological environment and production technology. A model of trade openness and carbon productivity was constructed based on the panel data as samples obtained from 11 emerging developing countries from 2002 to 2014, effects of technical progress, environmental regulation, and industrial structure upgrading were introduced to study the influencing mechanism of trade openness on carbon productivity, and subgroup test was performed as per the income level. The empirical results show that: 1) On the whole, the relationship between trade openness and carbon productivity is U-shaped. The trade openness, with a purpose of attracting foreign capital, would hinder technical progress and weaken domestic environmental regulation, thus lowering the carbon productivity. Meanwhile, the trade openness also accelerates industrial structure upgrading and therefore improves the carbon productivity. 2) As far as the economies at different income levels are concerned, the trade openness restrains technical progress and lowers the carbon productivity of the countries with uppermiddle- income and high-income, but it accelerates technical progress of the countries with a lower-middle-income; Besides, the trade openness lowers the environmental regulation of the countries with a middle-income and thus decreases the carbon productivity, but it strengthens the environmental regulation of the countries with a high-income and thus increases the carbon productivity; In the meantime, the trade openness can upgrade the industrial structure and improve the carbon productivity of countries at different income levels....
China’s investment aid has a significantly positive impact on Africa’s continent economic growth, development, and social life. China’s subsidized various projects under the bilateral cooperation between the China-Africa relationships. For the presentation on these projects, the Chinese government’s financing shows us a brief presentation of the objectives and fair contribution of China’s investment on successful projects case in the Central African Republic that is the part of the African countries....
At a time when rates, employment demands, insecurity and stress are on the rapidly increasing, exhaustion and stress are becoming an everyday reality for more and more professionals, with detrimental effects on their health, family and professional relationships. The aim of the study is to evaluate statistically significant differences of professionals between general and mental health hospitals. A questionnaire survey was carried out on 128 employees in general health units and 99 employees in mental health units, in Athens, Greece. The results showed statistically significant differences in the variable of personal achievement to a significant level. Employees in mental health units provide a higher average value for this variable than employees in general hospitals. The variable of personal achievement demonstrated statistically significant differences between employees of different age groups, marital status and educational level. Older employees, married employees and lower- level educated employees have been identified to have a higher mean value as a variable of personal achievement. Statistically significant differences were observed in relation to emotional exhaustion factor among employees of different specializations. Nurses, and subsequently physicians, report higher mean values for emotional exhaustion than managers and paramedical employees who report lower mean values for this variable. Enhancing awareness of the phenomenon of occupational burn-out can lead to development of effective intervention measures aimed at improving the well-being of medical and nursing staff, assuring the best possible outcome with the least possible medical risk and optimizing maximum possible health risk of patients....
Whether funds can participate in corporate governance to reduce agency costs and enhance corporate value has always been a research hotspot in academia. This article uses all A-share listed companies held by funds from 2008 to 2018 to study the impact of fund holdings on agency costs and corporate value, and further discusses the regulatory effect of cash dividends on the relationship between fund holdings and agency costs and the intermediary effect of agency costs in the relationship between fund holdings and corporate value. The study found that: 1) The equity ownership by funds helps to suppress agency costs of listed companies, and cash dividends play a regulatory role; 2) The equity ownership by funds helps to increase the value of the enterprise, and agency costs play an intermediary role. Finally, it is proposed that the government should encourage the development of mutual funds and promote funds to participate in corporate governance; listed firms should establish the significance of cash dividends and pay attention to the role of cash dividends in corporate governance....
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